Considering the mechanisms of implementation of US
foreign policy in the context of education, it is necessary to immediately
determine a working taxonomy.
Education in this case - is not only a system of
colleges, institutes and universities, where the preparation of American youth,
but also government programs for international students, teaching and training
of American citizens abroad, grants are allocated through civil society, the
widespread presence of the American educational and research centers in other
countries. In addition, this inter-agency coordination of the power unit, which
also is a constant adaptation to the new conditions in parallel with the
promotion of the values and interests that are considered fundamental to
American culture and statehood. It is also popular culture, which is best
represented by the Hollywood cinema.
In other words, is to create an ideal image of the
United States, both for domestic consumption and for the outside world,
regardless of whether it should be used as an attractive or frightening factor.
These aspects are unified and interconnected whole of
American policy, as exemplified by the official agenda, which is available on
the US State Department and the White House site.
The ideology in the
educational system of the USA
The core of the US educational doctrine in its many
manifestations is exclusivity and elitism very American ideology, both in a
historical context and with respect to the current moment. This is best
expressed in the treatment of Woodrow Wilson to the US Congress, April 2, 1917
g .: "There are American principles and American policy. We can not
practice other. And they are the principles and policies for the far-sighted
men and women, wherever that may be, for every modern nation, of every
enlightened community ".1
Actually, then it was laid the rationale for global
intervention in the affairs of other countries, because, as aptly remarked
Henry Kissinger "procedural aspect of the balance of power, its neutrality
in respect of the quality of the contending parties are now becoming immoral
and even dangerous. Democracy was not only the best form of management, but
also the only guarantee of eternal peace ".2
In addition to the exclusivity there are several
installations in the American ideology that permeate the education system. This
superiority of the US from a position of historical morality (constitutional
republic) and economic development (of capitalism); economic inferiority and
moral decay "totalitarian" and "collectivist" type economic
model; opposition in general international law (or the UN) because of laws that
restrict the US, underscoring that promotes American exceptionalism;
Orientalism and Anglophilia, promotion A5 + I as one "tribe"
(England, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Israel), the fear of the
Slavic, Middle Eastern and Asian nations (except the Japanese). Anti-Russian
(and previously anti-communism) and Islamophobia on civilizational grounds; the
legitimacy of American hegemony as a bulwark against totalitarianism
(communism, fascism) and Islamic radicalism; the legality of the use of the
American military at any point on the "national security" of the
world.
By and large, education - this is a war of ideas, but
at the same time the enemy often does not realize that he was embroiled in a
confrontation. In addition, the formation of the tool edge in the war of ideas
is that there is virtually no alternative is given, as in elementary or high
school - you are given information, which is presented as the only correct one,
and for the assimilation of this material make an assessment and tests.
What is a war of ideas? It is a clash of visions,
concepts and images, and especially - their interpretation. Physical violence
in this case may be minimal, as the war of ideas aimed at the political,
social, cultural or economic objectives, but either way, they have hostile
intent or hostile action. War of ideas can take many forms, but they tend to
fall into four main categories (although they are not exhaustive): 1)
intellectual debate, 2) ideological wars, 3) war over religious dogma, and 4)
advertising campaign . All of them are related, essentially, to the power and
influence as the war for territory and material resources, so rates can be very
vysokimi.3 Through all these kinds of wars of ideas, American society has
passed in the history of its existence, so this approach is close to
self-awareness Americans.
Basics for the conduct of wars in foreign policy were
laid by American intellectuals in the middle of the twentieth century, though
the foundation of American exceptionalism was founded much earlier - starting
with the idea of the frontier and the Anglican Protestantism in the XIX
century it has acquired a pronounced political overtones.
The narratives of US geopolitics Robert Strausz-Hupe,
known for his work in secret project "M", created by Roosevelt in
1941, we are faced with the design of the image of a global enemy, which is presented
as a friend. Its main methods are: (1) selective application of the doctrine
and propaganda statements enemy as illustrations of secret intentions; (2) the
attribution of the foreign policy of the enemy's cohesion, which go on a
pre-established plan to conquer the world; (3) conflicting accusations that the
enemy's beliefs are irrational and devilishly clever and prudent, and (4) the
widespread tone of the US need to wake up in the face of the "real"
nature ugrozy.4
These techniques are applied in nature, as the
imperatives of foreign policy and national interests of the US are flexible. If
in the era of the Cold War was enough justification presented in the form of
the threat of communism, after the collapse of the Soviet Union George. Bush
Sr. began to redirect the focus to the threat of drug trafficking. After the
attack on the US in September 2001, it became a global war on terror, which is
often used as a screen for Vashingtona.5 interests
It should be noted that US officials have considered
the so-called war on terror, launched in 2002 as a combination of effort,
involving physical and ideational elements, the latter is more important, if
you had not of decisive importance than the first. This emphasis suggests that
the United States sees itself as a subject, which is the second type of war of
ideas, and physical strength, ie, troops play a supporting role.
The importance of the war of ideas is reflected in a
number of US national policies (security, internal affairs, defense, etc.) Are
usually updated every four - five years.
An important role in these strategies play media, as
they reproduce a virtual representation of reality. By and large it is a
symbiotic forms of strategic interaction - is a fusion of techniques of soft
and hard power, known as smart power (smart power) - as a result we have a
dynamic framework, understanding of the scheme, which forms both physical
mental and psychological boundaries and limitations group, audience or
community, which is not necessarily aware of this structural effects.
Therefore, the virtual space of information (which is
paid much attention from various US agencies) through strategic deception,
builds a contextual framework or what may be called the main frame or the
"master frame". The aim is to reorient the target audience or the
critical mass through the conversion process, in ways that cause the dynamics
of fragmented opposition and social movements in different countries in the
service of hegemonic political interesov.6
Earlier, the British military strategist Basil Lidder
Garth is called indirect actions, and Hans Morgenthau described as
"cultural imperialism."
US Educational programs are most suitable for such a
policy, and, more recently, in connection with the possibility of distance
learning - they put on a stream.
The National Education
Program
First, we look at how work is under way in the
internal US politics.
Firstly, the American establishment is using education
to promote liberal ideology. The very education system is presented as part of
the wider society, which reinterprets the ideological lessons, including
economic and social aspects.
In fact, in the US indoctrination begins with
preschool age in the kindergarten at the age of 3, 4 and 5 years.
The system is based on 1) exceptions, which are very
much; 2) the process occurs smoothly, liberal individual is created from a
liberal society, as the inner core of the liberal ideology is located in the
center of consciousness, not to mention the social consciousness of Americans.
All this is reflected in the school curriculum, standards, textbooks, teachers'
approach, based on "common sense" to education, the general attitude
towards school.
For preschool and primary school age (6 to 12 years),
practiced in the United States are two main liberal method in education. As in
the US children have different teachers for each class, and often because of
the transition from class to class the children are constantly changing, these
methods are to some extent mixed.
First, on the coast we have long practiced the idea of
early postmodern leftist concepts of pedagogy and child, which is to praise in
equal values of any of the results of children's creativity and progress, or
lack of results or progress. So in the end all results are equal, and the
approach based on self-assessment.
Proponents of these ideas became known as the
self-esteem movement. Plainly he served as the work Nathaniel Brandon, who
published in 1969 a book called "Psychology of self-esteem." By the
1980's. his ideas became the dominant trend in pedagogy on the American coast,
which is considered a pillar of liberalism. Legislative Assembly of the State
of California, for example, even has created a task force on self-assessment
for schools. Although the overall definition of success is antisocial in the
liberal paradigm is ill-suited to the basic human needs on an emotional, psychological,
social or spiritual level. Therefore, it is reinforced by the second method, as
modified by the need to maintain self-esteem in a "formative childhood
years," as it supposedly will have a psychological potential for success
in work, career and life.
It should be noted that California has traditionally
acted as one of the sites for the US liberal experiments. general education
system, known as the K-12 was originally tested in the state. Health care
reform, which received the name of Obama-care has also been launched in
California.
As we can see, the fashion for "self-esteem"
in education has recently become popular in Russia, indicating that the
penetration of certain American pedagogical ideas in our society.
The second method is a liberal older, more closely
associated with Central America, and focuses on the work and discipline as the
key to success. The lower classes are more patriotic bias, which is associated
with the local concept of civic virtue, but at the same time, the emphasis on
the individual as the primary element of "success". The middle and
upper classes are more individualistic and business-oriented bias, with a focus
on success, even if it comes at the expense of the general welfare of the
general population (ie, in fact, this bias is antisocial). Such disregard for
the rest of society is associated with the idea that the liberal paradigm based
on the reality of zero-sum game in the economy.
In addition, the imperative of a common system of
American education is anti-intellectualism. For older children and adolescents
introduction of the liberal paradigm can be traced more clearly from the
ideological point of view and is based on specific works of some authors that
are classics of modernism, as a rule, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Rousseau and Locke,
often Bentham and Mill. English-Epicureans taught in universities (age 18-22
years.) Surfactants, also briefly describes the founders of the US
Constitution. Marx and Nietzsche are presented as philosophers continental
Europe, a very influential and important to read, but related to the erroneous
and incorrect "totalitarian" model of Europe (communism and fascism).
Thus, in the minds of students laid a formula that
continental Europe has spawned totalitarian and dictatorial projects, while
Britain and the United States are related to the ideas of liberalism and
freedom.
Of course, for the continuity of personnel, who are
working on the introduction of American ideas abroad, used the site status of
US universities. Through the Department of State is working Center for US
diplomacy.
A number of well-known political scientists of world
renown, are also professors at leading US educational institutions that work
intensively on the implementation of the ideological matrix in the thinking of
students.
Education and Foreign Policy
Meanwhile, the US experienced in the 60s and gained a
foothold in other countries. In Europe, the first country that has gone through
Americanization, was Finland. Finnish elementary school system (peruskoulu, 1
to 9 classes) was taken over from the US model of social (ie disadvantaged)
areas where the average American will not give up their child to learn, and
introduced the Left Finnish politicians - from the Communist Party, the Social
Democratic Party, the Party workers and others. it is significant that the
ratings, demonstrating the high quality of Finnish education, and "the
very best in the world", conducted by the US agency Finnish budget.
In general, foreign policy, cosmopolitan progressive
liberal ideology in education reinforces the following topics:
1) The uniformity of the legal and moral rights around
the world;
2) The uniformity of desires of people worldwide;
3) the United States were based on good ideas, but
made many mistakes and injustices - the war against the Native Americans and
Mexicans, slave, Jim Crow laws, McCarthyism, imperialism (Vietnam, etc.);
4) United States - a "process," Democracy -
the same process, but with the understanding of their own past mistakes, the
legitimacy achieved teach others around the world how to fix their problems;
5) The United States as a world power, taking into
account the points 1-4, has a doctrine of "R2R" -
"responsibility to protect" - human rights or something else around
the world, using military force;
6) The legality of US hegemony, as it acts on behalf
of "human rights" through the UN and NGOs are also actively
contributes to the creation of international law in the interests of the United
States.
The role of the US
Department of State
Directly on the US State Department line with the
second half of the twentieth century, it carried out a series of scientific and
educational programs.
By and large, their aim is the constant search for
training and preparation of future loyal elite of the potential of young people
in other countries. Some initiatives are two-fold - American students go
abroad, and young people from other countries coming to the United States.
The most famous include the Fulbright program - it was
created on the initiative of Senator William Fulbright as early as 1946. In the
framework of its eight thousand grants issued annually to Americans who travel
abroad, as well as for foreign students attracted to the United States. It
covers 160 countries. It is interesting to trace the geographic preference
Fulbright program initiatives. In the 90-ies. It was the post-Soviet space, in
recent years the focus has shifted to the Middle East and Central Asia. More
Arctic initiative was launched recently, which clearly shows the operational
geopolitical context.
Among the most prominent international initiatives of
the State Department still can be noted Alumni Program, Global Youth Issues,
Education US - initiative "LGBTI CAMPUS LIFE" operates within the
framework of the latter, aimed at creating a pool of students from around the
world who identify themselves as homosexuals. The moderator of the program is
the director of the Resource Center of the George Washington University LGBT.
Among the most prominent international initiatives of
the State Department still can be noted Alumni Program, Global Youth Issues,
Education AL - initiative "LGBT CAMPUS LIFE" operates within the
framework of the latter, aimed at creating a pool of students from around the
world who identify themselves as homosexuals. The moderator of the program is
the director of the Resource Center of the George Washington University LGBT.
Power unit
In addition, the security services and the military
unit actively uses the educational module for its own purposes.
There were cases when the Fulbright students and Peace
Corps volunteers from the number of US citizens when leaving the country of
destination receives a request from the US Embassy to conduct espionage and
transmit the information obtained in posolstvo.8
In 2005, Section 318 of the Law on intelligence
provided for the allocation of 4 million. USD. For the Pat Roberts Intelligence
Scholars Program pilot program known as PRISP. She was named after the chairman
of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Pat Roberts. The gist of it was
to prepare students for a career in the security services. Within two years
they were given scholarships in the amount of 50 thousand dollars, and they had
to go through at least one summer internship at the CIA or other agentstve.9
program was conducted in secret -.. No one knew the names of Fellows, and year
run at least 100 students from various American universities have already been
integrated with the intelligence. Naturally, all newcomers were immersed in the
corporate culture of the CIA, which is known for its suspicion and search
internal and external enemies.
The US Department of Defense, as well as other law
enforcement agencies are actively working on a line of educational programs. It
is not only setting to continuous improvement, but also to work with partners
and civil-military relations. In 2015, the main donor fund to work with foreign
governments - USAID issued a new memorandum, which stated the need to interact
with non-governmental organizations Pentagon structures. This is well
demonstrated by the militarization of American consciousness, working through
international relations. In general, US military culture can be described by
the formula, that there are good sheep, which must be protected from the bad
wolves, and this function should be someone to perform. Much attention is paid
to the military community in the psychological operations, and conviction.
As for the US claims to world scientific center, it is
shown at the California Science Citation Index, published in the journals which
are required for the advancement of scientific ladder in most countries. In
addition, there are several other indexes, which have distinct political
nature, but commonly used as an objective statistics. Most of these indices are
close to the analytical centers of the USA, together with university centers.
Among them - a global index analysis centers (Institute for Foreign Policy),
the index of failed states (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and
Foreign Policy magazine), the index of the level of danger of proliferation of
nuclear materials, etc.
Considering all of these components, which together
represent a comprehensive and networked conglomeration of various departments
and agencies, synthesized with the US national strategic culture, it can be
concluded that at present there is no government that could effectively resist
American "soft power", projected through educational projects.
Although it is seen as a necessary consolidation of the efforts of a group of
countries that advocate a multipolar world order.
